TYPES OF ART are real forms of artistic and creative activity, differing primarily in the way of material embodiment of the artist. content (verbal for literature, sound for music, volumetric-plastic for sculpture, etc.). Behind these external differences are hidden deeper, internal meaningful differences, which ultimately determines the need for unique i.e. in each V. means of materializing its special content. About the specific character of the artist. information contained in each of the V. and. is evidenced by the fact that the content of the production. one V. and. cannot be adequately conveyed in the language of other V. and. Being the science of the most general laws of art. human exploration of the world, in terms of studying V. and. designed to explore the laws operating in all V. and., at the same time showing how they are refracted in each of them. Since the 18th century. aesthetic thought struggles to comprehend those principles that determine the specific division of artistic and creative activity, trying to consider art as a system of types, and not a set of randomly formed and mechanically coexisting forms of creativity. This problem still cannot be considered resolved. Even the morphological criteria have not been fully defined, which would allow, on the one hand, to distinguish V. and. from the varieties of this or that species, from the genera and genres of art (for example, painting from monumental painting), and, on the other hand, to substantiate the legitimacy of such aesthetic concepts as families, classes of art, fixing the unification of V. and. into more or less broad groups. In the course of the development of world art. cultural system of V. and. underwent constant changes, expressed in the differentiation of ancient. syncretic arts and in the formation of synthetic arts, in the birth of new V. and. under the influence of scientific and technological progress, in the uneven development of various V. and. Absolutization of one or another historically specific type of relationship between V. and. led in pre-Marxist aesthetics to the fact that first one, then another V. and. was declared higher and more “perfect” than the rest. Hegel was the first to try to examine the problem historically and dialectically. However, he was not able to overcome the metaphysical-hierarchical concept of the relationship between V. and. The influence of this concept is still felt today (for example, in the idea that literature has a broader, more capacious and richer content than other literature). As the qualitative uniqueness of the content of each V. and. modern Marxist aesthetic theory comes to recognize their fundamental equivalence and equal necessity in socialist artistic culture, designed to overcome the inevitable uneven development of art in the past.

Aesthetics: Dictionary. - M.: Politizdat. Under general ed. A. A. Belyaeva. 1989 .

See what “TYPES OF ART” are in other dictionaries:

KINDS OF ART- certain methods of artistic embodiment of life content in works of art, characterized by specific visual expressive means and techniques. The diversity of the world cannot be revealed by means of one type... Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Explanatory dictionary

Kinds of art- Nouns ARCHITECT/RA, urban planning, architecture. The art of designing and constructing buildings, urban development. KINO/, kinemato/graph, kinematogra/fiya, kinoisku/sstvo, screen/n, obsolete. cinema/, outdated... ... Dictionary of Russian synonyms

non-linguistic arts- Music, painting, graphics, sculpture, dance, etc... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

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Plastic arts- also spatial arts, a concept that unites types of art (See Art), the works of which exist in space, without changing or developing over time, and are perceived by sight. I.'s works have a subject matter... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

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Types of perception- This article should be Wikified. Please format it according to the article formatting rules. Basic types and properties of perception Perception as a direct reflection of the world is classified on various grounds. Traditionally, there are five... ... Wikipedia

TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE- these are specific forms of acquiring new knowledge. The following types of knowledge are distinguished: 1) ordinary knowledge - a person’s receipt of basic information about nature, man and society in the process of ordinary everyday life); 2) artistic... ... Philosophy of Science and Technology: Thematic Dictionary

plastic arts- types of art whose works exist in space, without changing or developing in time, and are perceived by sight. Also called spatial arts. Plastic arts are divided into fine arts... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Spatial Arts- a conventional name for plastic arts, that is, types of art in which artistic images exist in space, but do not develop in time, in contrast to temporary (literature, music) and spatially temporary (all... ... Art encyclopedia

Books

• , Danilova Galina Ivanovna, The textbook continues the author’s line of G.I. Danilova in art. It introduces different types of art and their interaction. Contains a large amount of illustrative material that gives… Category: Fine arts Publisher: Bustard, Buy for 699 RUR
• Art. Kinds of art. 8th grade. Textbook. Vertical. Federal State Educational Standard, Danilova Galina Ivanovna, The textbook continues the author's line of G.I. Danilova in art. It introduces different types of art and their interaction. Contains large illustrative material that gives... Category:

Sculpture and symphony, painting and story, film and palace, performance and dance - all these are works of various types of art.

Arts are classified according to different criteria. Fine Arts show external reality in artistic images, non-fine arts express the inner world. Non-fine arts: music, dance and literature, as well as architecture. There are also mixed (synthetic) types of arts: cinema, theater, ballet, circus, etc.
Within each art form there are divisions called genres in accordance with the themes and objects of the image. This is what we will talk to you about today.

Kinds of art

Fine arts

Painting

Perhaps this is one of the most widespread forms of art. The very first works of painting date back to ancient times; they were discovered on the walls of caves of ancient people.
Monumental painting, which developed in the form of mosaics And frescoes(painting on wet plaster).

St Nicholas. Fresco of Dionysius. Ferapontov Monastery
Easel painting– these are paintings of different genres, painted on canvas (cardboard, paper) most often with oil paints.

Genres of painting

In modern painting there are the following genres: portrait, historical, mythological, battle, everyday, landscape, still life, animalistic genre.
Portrait genre reflects the external and internal appearance of a person or group of people. This genre is widespread not only in painting, but also in sculpture, graphics, etc. The main task of the portrait genre is to convey external resemblance and reveal the inner world, the essence of a person’s character.

I. Kramskoy “Portrait of Sofia Ivanovna Kramskoy”
Historical genre(depiction of historical events and characters). Of course, genres in painting are often intertwined, because... when depicting, for example, some historical event, the artist has to turn to the portrait genre, etc.
Mythological genre– illustration of myths and legends of different peoples.

S. Botticelli “Birth of Venus”
Battle genre- an image of battles, military exploits, military operations, glorifying battles, the triumph of victory. The battle genre can also include elements of other genres - domestic, portrait, landscape, animal, still life.

V. Vasnetsov “After the massacre of Igor Svyatoslavich with the Polovtsians”
Everyday genre– depiction of scenes from a person’s everyday, personal life.

A. Venetsianov “On the arable land”
Scenery– depiction of nature, the environment, views of the countryside, cities, historical monuments, etc.

And Savrasov “The rooks have arrived”
Marina- seascape.
Still life(translated from French - “dead nature”) - an image of household items, labor, creativity, flowers, fruits, dead game, caught fish, placed in a real everyday environment.
Animalistic genre– image of animals.

Graphic arts

The name of this type of fine art comes from the Greek word grapho - I write, I draw.
Graphics primarily include drawing and engraving, in which the design is created mainly using a line on a sheet of paper or a cutter on a solid material, from which the image is imprinted onto a sheet of paper.

Types of graphics

Engraving- a design is applied to the flat surface of the material, which is then covered with paint and stamped on paper. The number of impressions varies depending on the engraving technique and material. The main materials for engraving are metal (copper, zinc, steel), wood (boxwood, palm, pear, cherry, etc.), linoleum, cardboard, plastic, plexiglass. The engraving board is processed by mechanical means, steel tools or acid etching.
Printmaking– a print from an engraving board (engraving, lithography, silk-screen printing, monotype), which is an easel work of artistic graphics. The print is printed from a board that the artist himself engraved; often he also makes the impressions. Such works are usually signed, author's copies and are considered originals. Prints are available in black and white and color.
Book graphics- design of the book, its decorative design, illustrations.
Industrial graphics – creation of product labels, brand names, publishing marks, packaging, advertising publications, forms and envelopes. It comes into contact with advertising and is included in the design system.
Bookplate- a sign indicating the owner of the book. The bookplate is attached to the inside of a book binding or cover. Book signs are engraved on wood, copper, linoleum, zincographic or lithographic methods.

Bookplate of Greta Garbo

Poster- an image designed for general attention, created for propaganda or educational purposes.
Linocut- engraving on linoleum.
Lithography– type of engraving: drawing a picture on a stone and making an impression from it.
Woodcut– wood engraving.

Katsushika Hokusai "The Great Wave off Kanagawa", woodcut
Etching– type of engraving on metal, engraving method and impression obtained by this method.
Computer graphics– images are compiled on a computer and shown dynamically or statically. When creating this type of graphics, it is possible to see how the image is formed at all stages and make unlimited adjustments.

Sculpture

This type of art also originated in ancient times. Many images of animals sculpted from clay or carved from stone have been found, quite accurately conveying them appearance. Many female figurines have been preserved that embody the powerful feminine principle. Perhaps these are primitive images of goddesses. Ancient sculptors exaggerated their fertile powers, depicting them with powerful hips, and archaeologists call them “Venuses.”

Venus of Willendorf, about 23 thousand years BC. e., Central Europe
Sculpture is divided into round, freely placed in space, and relief, in which three-dimensional images are located on a plane.
As in painting, in sculpture there are easel and monumental forms. Monumental sculpture designed for streets and squares, such a monument is created for a long time, so it is usually made of bronze, marble, granite. Easel sculpture– these are portraits or small genre groups made of wood, plaster and other materials.

Monument to the postman. Nizhny Novgorod

Arts and crafts

The creators of works of decorative and applied art set themselves two goals: to create a thing that is necessary for everyday life, but this thing at the same time must have certain artistic qualities. Everyday objects should not only serve a person practically, but also decorate life, delight the eye with the perfection of shapes and colors.
Of course, now many works of decorative and applied art have mainly aesthetic significance, but this was not always the case.

Main types of decorative and applied arts

Batik– hand painting on fabric

Work using the hot batik technique (using wax)
Beading
Embroidery
Knitting

Lace making
Carpet weaving
Tapestry
Quilling- the art of making flat or three-dimensional compositions from long and narrow strips of paper twisted into spirals.

Quilling technique
Ceramics
Mosaic
Jewelry Art
Lacquer miniature

Palekh lacquer miniature
Artistic painting on wood
Artistic painting on metal

Zhostovo tray
Artistic carving
Artistic processing of leather

Artistic painting on ceramics

Artistic metal processing
Pyrography(burning on wood, leather, fabric, etc.)
Working with glass

Upper half of a window at Canterbury Cathedral, UK
Origami

Photographic art

The art of artistic photography. The genres are basically the same as in painting.

Graffiti

Images on walls or other surfaces. Graffiti refers to any type of street painting on walls, on which you can find everything from simple written words to elaborate drawings.

Graffiti

Comic

Drawn stories, stories in pictures. Comics combine the features of such art forms as literature and fine art.

Artist Winsor McCay "Little Sammy Sneezes"

Non-fine arts

Architecture

Architecture– the art of designing and constructing buildings. Architectural structures can exist in the form of individual buildings or in the form of ensembles. But sometimes ensembles develop historically: buildings built at different times form a single whole. An example is Moscow's Red Square.
Architecture allows us to judge the technical achievements and artistic styles of different eras. The Egyptian pyramids, built about 5 thousand years ago, and the temples of Ancient Greece and Rome have survived to this day. Any city in any country is famous for its architectural structures.

Palace Square in St. Petersburg

Literature

In the broadest sense of the word: the totality of any written texts.
Types of literature: fiction, documentary prose, memoirs, scientific and popular science, reference, educational, technical.

Genres of literature

A literary work can be classified as a particular genre according to various criteria: by form (short story, ode, opus, essay, story, play, short story, novel, sketch, epic, epos, essay), by content (comedy, farce, vaudeville , sideshow, sketch, parody, sitcom, comedy of characters, tragedy, drama), by gender.
Epic kind: fable, epic, ballad, myth, short story, story, short story, novel, epic novel, fairy tale, epic.
Lyrical gender: ode, message, stanzas, elegy, epigram.
Lyric-epic genus: ballad, poem.
Dramatic gender: drama, comedy, tragedy.

Music

Music- this is art, the means of embodying artistic images for which are sound and silence, organized in a special way in time. But in general, to give one exhaustively precise definition the concept of “music” is impossible. This special kind creative activity, including craft and profession.
The type and stylistic variety of music is great.
Classic (or serious)– professional musical compositions born in the culture of Europe mainly from the New Age (the turn of the 16th-17th centuries) and in the Middle Ages;
Popular– predominantly song and dance musical genres.
Extra-European (non-European)– music of those peoples (East) whose culture differs from the culture of Western European civilization.
Ethnic (folk)– folklore musical works of different peoples, emphasizing the identity of an ethnic group, nation, tribe.
Variety (easy)– music of an entertaining nature, intended for relaxation.
Jazz– performing traditions of American blacks reinterpreted by Europeans, based on a synthesis of African and European musical elements.
Rock– music of small vocal and instrumental groups of young people, characterized by the obligatory presence of percussion and electric musical instruments, primarily guitars.
Avant-garde (experimental)- direction in professional composing in the 20th century.
Alternative– new musical compositions or performances (sound presentations, “performances”), fundamentally different from all types of music known today.
Types of music can also be determined by the function it performs: military, church, religious, theater, dance, film music, etc.
Or by the nature of the performance: vocal, instrumental, chamber, vocal-instrumental, choral, solo, electronic, piano, etc.

Each type of music has its own genres. Let's take an example genres of instrumental music.
Instrumental music- This is music performed on instruments, without the participation of the human voice. Instrumental music can be symphonic or chamber music.
Chamber music– compositions intended for performance in small spaces, for home, “room” music playing. Chamber music has great potential for conveying lyrical emotions and subtle mental states of a person. The genres of chamber music include: sonatas, quartets, plays, quintets, etc.
Sonata– one of the main genres of instrumental chamber music. Usually consists of 3 (4) parts.
Etude– a musical piece designed to improve technical skills in playing an instrument.
Nocturne(French “night”) is a genre of a small one-part melodious lyrical piece for piano.
Prelude(Latin for “introduction”) – a short instrumental piece. Improvisational introduction to the main piece. But it can also be an independent work.

Quartet– a piece of music for 4 performers.
Within each type of music can arise and develop own styles and trends distinguished by stable and characteristic structural and aesthetic features: classicism, romanticism, impressionism, expressionism, neoclassicism, serialism, avant-garde, etc.

Choreography

Choreography is the art of dance.

Spectacular (mixed or synthetic) arts

Theater

A spectacular form of art, which is a synthesis of various arts: literature, music, choreography, vocals, visual arts and others.

Puppet show
Types of theaters: drama, opera, ballet, puppet theater, pantomime theater, etc. The art of theater has been known for a long time: theater was born from the most ancient ritual festivals, which in allegorical form reproduced natural phenomena or labor processes.

Opera

An art form in which poetry and dramatic art, vocal and instrumental music, facial expressions, dancing, painting, scenery and costumes are fused into a single whole.

Teatro alla Scala (Milan)

Stage

This type of art of small forms is predominantly popular and entertaining. Variety includes the following directions: singing, dancing, circus on stage, illusionism, conversational genre, clowning.

Circus

A type of entertainment art, according to the laws of which an entertaining performance is built. The content of modern circus performances is the demonstration of magic tricks, pantomime, clowning, reprise, demonstration of exceptional abilities, often associated with risk (physical strength, acrobatics, balancing act), trained animals.

Film art

A type of entertainment art, which is also a synthesis of the arts: literature, theater, dance, fine arts (scenery), etc.

Ballet

Type of performing arts; a performance whose content is embodied in musical and choreographic images. The basis of a classical ballet performance is a certain plot, a dramatic concept. In the 20th century a plotless ballet appeared, the dramaturgy of which was based on the development inherent in the music.

Introduction 3

1.The concept of art 4

2. Types of art 5

3. Qualitative characteristics of the arts 6

4. Principles of classification of arts 12

5. Interaction of arts 16

Conclusion 17

References 18

INTRODUCTION

Art is one of the forms of social consciousness, an integral part of the spiritual culture of humanity, a specific kind of practical-spiritual exploration of the world. In this regard, art includes a group of varieties of human activity - painting, music, theater, fiction, etc., united because they are specific - artistic and figurative forms of reproducing reality.

Human artistic and creative activity unfolds in diverse forms, which are called types of art, its types and genres. Each type of art is directly characterized by the method of material existence of its works and the type of figurative signs used. Thus, art, taken as a whole, is a historically established system of various specific methods of artistic exploration of the world, each of which has features that are common to all and individually unique.

The purpose of this test is to study all issues related to the arts.

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks:

reveal the concept of art

consider the concept of art form

get acquainted with the characteristics of art forms

study the principles of classification of art forms

consider the interaction of arts

CONCEPT OF ART

Art is one of the most important spheres of culture, and unlike other spheres of activity (occupation, profession, position, etc.) it is universally significant, without it it is impossible to imagine people’s lives. The beginnings of artistic activity are noted in primitive society, long before the advent of science and philosophy. And, despite the antiquity of art, its irreplaceable role in human life, the long history of aesthetics, the problem of the essence and specificity of art still remains largely unresolved. What is the secret of art and why is it difficult to give a strictly scientific definition of it? The point, first of all, is that art does not lend itself to logical formalization; attempts to identify its abstract essence always ended in either approximation or failure. 1

There are three different meanings of this word, closely related to each other, but differing in scope and content.

In the broadest sense, the concept of “art” ( and this , apparently its most ancient use) means any skill , a skillfully, technically performed activity, the result of which is artificial in comparison with the natural. It is this meaning that follows from the ancient Greek word “techne” - art, skill.

The second, narrower meaning of the word “art” is creativity according to the laws of beauty . Such creativity refers to a wide range of activities: the creation of useful things, machines, this should also include the design and organization of public and personal life, the culture of everyday behavior, communication between people, etc. Nowadays, creativity functions successfully according to the laws of beauty in various areas of design .

A special type of social activity is artistic creativity itself. , the products of which are special spiritual aesthetic values ​​- this is the third and narrowest meaning of the word “art”. This will be the subject of further consideration.

KINDS OF ART

Types of art are historically established, stable forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize life content and differ in the methods of its material embodiment . Art exists and develops as a system of interconnected types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of the real world itself, reflected in the process of artistic creation.

Each type of art has its own specific arsenal of visual and expressive means and techniques. Thus, the types of art differ from each other both in the subject of the image and in the use of various visual media. Concept « art form » - the main structural element of the artistic culture system. Fine art reveals the diversity of the world with the help of plastic and color materials. Literature includes all shades of creativity realized in the word. Music deals not only with the sound of the human voice, but also with a variety of timbres created by natural and technical devices (we are talking about musical instruments). Architecture and decorative arts - through those existing in space material structures and things that satisfy the practical and spiritual needs of people express their specificity in complex and diverse ways. Each of the arts has its own special genera and genres (that is, internal varieties). Types of art are links of a single social phenomenon, each of them relates to art as a whole, as the particular relates to the general. The specific properties of art manifest themselves in different ways in a specific historical era and in different artistic cultures. Meanwhile, the very division of art into types is connected, first of all, with the peculiarities of human perception of the world.

QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF ART TYPES

Architecture - formation of reality according to the laws of beauty when creating buildings and structures designed to serve human needs for housing and public spaces. Architecture - This is a type of art whose purpose is to create structures and buildings necessary for the life and activities of people. It performs not only an aesthetic function in people’s lives, but also a practical one. Architecture as an art form is static and spatial. The artistic image here is created in a non-pictorial way. It displays certain ideas, moods and desires using the relationship of scales, masses, shapes, colors, connections with the surrounding landscape, that is, using specifically expressive means. As a field of activity, architecture originated in ancient times.

Architecture tends to be ensemble-like. Its structures skillfully fit into the natural (natural) or urban (city) landscape.

Architecture is art, engineering, and construction, which requires enormous concentration of collective efforts and material resources. Architectural works are created to last forever. Architecture does not reproduce reality pictorially, but is expressive in nature. Rhythm, the ratio of volumes, lines are the means of its expressiveness. 2

Applied arts - these are things that surround and serve us, create our life and comfort, things made not only as useful, but also as beautiful, having a style and artistic image that expresses their purpose and carries general information about the type of life, about the era, about the worldview people. The aesthetic impact of applied art is daily, hourly, every minute. Works of applied art can rise to the heights of art.

Applied art is national by its very nature , it is born from the customs, habits, and beliefs of the people and is directly close to their production activities and way of life.

The pinnacle of applied art is jewelry making, which retains its independent significance and is developing today. A jeweler makes fine, finely crafted jewelry and arts and crafts using precious metals and stones.

decorative arts - aesthetic development of the environment surrounding a person, artistic design of the “second nature” created by man: buildings, structures, premises, squares, streets, roads. This art invades everyday life, creating beauty and convenience in and around residential and public spaces. Works of decorative art can be a door handle and fence, stained glass window glass and a lamp, which enter into synthesis with architecture. Decorative art incorporates the achievements of other arts, especially painting and sculpture. Decorative art is the art of decoration, not embellishment. It helps create a holistic architectural ensemble. It captures the style of the era.

Painting - image on a plane of pictures of the real world, transformed by creative imagination. artist; isolating the elementary and most popular aesthetic feeling - the sense of color - into a special sphere and turning it into one of the means of artistic exploration of the world.

Painting is works that are created on a plane using paints and colored materials. The main visual means is the system color combinations. Painting is divided into monumental and easel. The main genres are: landscape, still life, subject-themed paintings, portrait, miniature, etc.

Graphic arts is based on a monochromatic drawing and uses a contour line as the main means of representation: a dot, a stroke, a spot. Depending on its purpose, it is divided into easel and applied printing: engraving, lithography, etching, caricature, etc. 3

Sculpture - spatial visual art, mastering the world in plastic images that are imprinted in materials capable of conveying the vital appearance of phenomena. The sculpture reproduces reality in three-dimensional forms. The main materials are: stone, bronze, marble, wood. According to its content, it is divided into monumental, easel, and small-form sculpture. According to the shape of the image, they are distinguished: three-dimensional three-dimensional sculpture, relief-convex images on a plane. The relief, in turn, is divided into bas-relief, high relief, and counter-relief. Basically, all genres of sculpture developed during the period of antiquity. In our time, the number of materials suitable for sculpture has expanded: works of steel, concrete, and plastic have appeared.

Literature- a written form of word art. With the help of words she creates a real living being. Literary works are divided into three genres: epic, lyric, drama. Epic literature includes the genres of novel, story, short story, and essay. Lyrical works include poetic genres: elegy, sonnet, ode, madrigal, poem. Drama is meant to be performed on stage. Dramatic genres include: drama, tragedy, comedy, farce, tragicomedy, etc. In these works, the plot is revealed through dialogues and monologues. The main expressive and figurative means of literature is the word. The word is an expressive means and mental form of literature, the symbolic basis of its imagery. Imagery is embedded in the very basis of language, which is created by the people, absorbs all their experience and becomes a form of thinking.

Theater - a type of art that artistically explores the world through dramatic action performed by actors in front of the audience. Theater is a special type of collective creativity that unites the efforts of a playwright, director, artist, composer, and actors. The idea of ​​the performance is embodied through the actor. The actor includes in the action and gives theatricality to everything that is on stage. The scenery creates on stage the interior of a room, a landscape, a view of a city street, but all this will remain a dead prop if the actor does not spiritualize things with stage behavior. Acting requires special talent - observation, attention, the ability to select and summarize life material, fantasy, memory, temperament, means of expressiveness (diction, intonation variety, facial expressions, plasticity, gesture). In the theater, the act of creativity (the creation of an image by an actor) takes place in front of the viewer, which deepens the spiritual impact on him.

Music - an art that consolidates and develops the capabilities of nonverbal audio communication associated with human speech. Music develops its own language based on generalization and processing of intonations of human speech. The basis of music is intonation. The structure of music is rhythm and harmony, which when combined give a melody. Volume, timbre, tempo, rhythm and other elements also play a significant, meaning-forming role in music. These signs make up a musical phrase, a musical image, and their system forms a musical text. The language of music is a hierarchy of levels: individual sounds, sound combinations, chords. The most important elements and expressive means of musical language - melodic-intonation structure, composition, harmony, orchestration, rhythm, timbre, dynamics

Choreography- the art of dance, echo of music.

Dance - a melodic and rhythmic sound that has become a melodic and rhythmic movement of the human body, revealing the characters of people, their feelings and thoughts about the world. The emotional state of a person is expressed not only in the voice, but also in gestures and the nature of movements. Even a person’s gait can be swift, joyful, or sad. Human movements in everyday life and in work are always in one way or another emotionally intonated, expressive and subject to a certain rhythm. Dance has been polishing and generalizing these expressive movements for centuries, and as a result, a whole system of choreographic movements itself has emerged, its own artistically expressive language of the plasticity of the human body. The dance is national; it expresses the character of the people in a generalized form.

The choreographic image arises from musically rhythmic expressive movements, sometimes supplemented by pantomime, sometimes by a special costume and things from everyday life, work or military use (weapons, scarves, dishes, etc.).

Circus - the art of acrobatics, balancing act, gymnastics, pantomime, juggling, magic tricks, clowning, musical eccentricity, horse riding, animal training. Circus - this is not a record holder, but an image of a person demonstrating his highest capabilities, solving super-tasks, creating in accordance with super task, according to the laws of eccentricity.

Photographic art - creation by chemical, technical and optical means of a visual image of documentary significance, artistically expressive and authentically capturing in a frozen image an essential moment of reality. Documentation is the “golden guarantee” of a photo that forever captures a fact of life. Life facts in photography are transferred from the sphere of reality to the artistic sphere almost without additional processing. With the development of technology and skill, the photographic image began to convey the artist’s active attitude towards the object (through the shooting angle, the distribution of light and shadows, through the transmission of a kind of “photo plein air”, that is, air and reflexes cast by objects, through the ability to choose the moment of shooting). Nowadays photography has acquired color and is on the threshold of a three-dimensional, holographic image of the world, which expands its informative, visual and artistic expressive capabilities.

Movie - the art of visual moving images created on the basis of the achievements of modern chemistry and optics, an art that has acquired its own language, broadly embracing life in all its aesthetic richness and synthetically absorbing the experience of other types of art.

Cinema surpasses theater, literature, and painting in creating visual moving images that can widely embrace modern life in all its aesthetic meaning and originality. Cinema directly relies on the capabilities of technology. The very specifics of cinema are fluid and change with the discovery and development of new technical and artistic means.

A television - a means of mass video information capable of transmitting aesthetically processed impressions of existence over a distance; a new type of art that provides intimacy, homely perception, the effect of the viewer’s presence (the “immediate” effect), chronicle and documentary art information.

In terms of mass popularity, television has now overtaken cinema. There are now thousands of transmitting and relaying television stations operating on earth. Television broadcasts are carried out from the ground, from underground, from under water, from the air, from space. Television has its own criteria for talent. A television artist must combine the qualities of an actor, journalist, director, charm and erudition, ease and naturalness of communication with people, instantaneous reaction, resourcefulness, wit, the ability to improvise and, finally, citizenship and journalism. Unfortunately, not everyone on air has these qualities.

An important aesthetic feature of television is the transmission of a “momentary incident”, a direct report from the scene of the event, the inclusion of the viewer in the flow of history that is flowing right now and about which only tomorrow newspapers and newsreels will be able to talk, and the day after tomorrow - literature, theater, painting.

Stage- equal interaction between literature, music, ballet, theater, circus; a mass spectacle with an enhanced entertaining element, addressed to a “variegated” audience. The stage produces such a specific aesthetic impact on the viewer that we can talk about the birth of a new art form from the equal coexistence of a number of arts.

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION OF ART TYPES

The problem of identifying types of art and clarifying their characteristics has worried humanity for a long time. The first classification of the arts, carried out by Plato and Aristotle , did not go beyond studying the specifics of individual types of art. The first holistic classification was proposed by I. Kant , but not in a practical, but in a theoretical plane. The first system for presenting the relationship between specific types of art was given by Hegel in his lecture “The System of Individual Arts”, the foundation of which he put the relationship between idea and form, creating a classification of types of art from sculpture to poetry. 4

IN XX century, Fechner classified types of art from a psychological point of view: from the standpoint of the practical benefits of the art form. Thus, he classified both cooking and perfumery as art, i.e. types of aesthetic activities that, in addition to aesthetic values, also perform other practical functions. IG held approximately the same views. Monroe - counted about 400 types of art. In the Middle Ages, Farabi held similar views. The diversity of art has evolved historically as a reflection of the versatility of reality and the individual characteristics of human perception of it. Consequently, when highlighting any type of art, we mean the form of art that has developed historically, its main functions and classification units.

The division of art into types is due to:

1) aesthetic richness and diversity of reality;

2) the spiritual richness and diversity of the artist’s aesthetic needs;

3) the richness and diversity of cultural traditions, artistic means and technical capabilities of art.

The variety of types of art allows us to aesthetically master the world in all its complexity and richness. There are no major or minor arts, but each type has its own strengths and weaknesses in comparison to other arts.

What are the principles of art classification?

First of all, among the types of art, a distinction is made between fine (painting, graphics, sculpture, artistic photography) and non-fine art (music, architecture, decorative and applied arts, choreography). The difference between them is that the fine arts reproduce life in a form similar to it (depict it), while the non-fine arts directly convey the inner state of people’s spirit, their experiences, feelings, moods through a form that is “dissimilar” directly to the object of display. This difference is not, of course, absolute. because, firstly, all types of art express an attitude towards some aspects of life, so the term expressive arts (as non-visual types of artistic creativity are sometimes called), which has developed historically, is not very precise. And yet, the distinction between fine and non-figurative arts not only has a basis, but is also decisive in the morphology (classification) of the arts, because it is based on the difference in the subject of display. Fine arts turn to reality as the source of formation of the human world, non-fine arts - to the results of the influence of reality on the spiritual world of the individual (people's worldview, their feelings, experiences, etc.). Therefore, for the former, the basis is the image of the objective world. Thoughts and feelings are transmitted indirectly in them: only by the expression of the eyes, facial expressions, gestures, and appearance of people can one learn about their feelings and experiences. The basis of the latter is the embodiment of thoughts, feelings, mood, and the depiction of objects of real reality, if any, is, as a rule, indirect in nature.

The division of arts into static (spatial) and dynamic (temporal) is very important. The first include painting, graphics, sculpture, architecture, decorative and applied arts, artistic photography; the second - literature, music, dance. Spatial arts with enormous power reproduce the visible beauty of reality, the harmony of space, and are able to draw attention to individual aspects of the reflected world, to every detail of the work itself, which makes them indispensable in aesthetic education and teaching beauty. At the same time, they are powerless to directly convey the changes in life, its course. 5 This is successfully done by temporary arts, which are capable of recreating both the course of events (literature) and the development of human feelings (music, choreography).

According to the method of practical artistic development of material, art can be divided into types that use natural materials - marble, granite, wood, metal, paint, etc. (architecture, painting, graphics, sculpture, decorative and applied arts), sound (music), the word (primarily fiction), as well as the arts in which the “material” is the person himself (theater, cinema, television, stage, circus). A special place here is occupied by the word, the use of which is widely used in a wide variety of art forms. As a rule, it enriches them.

Let us also note the division of arts into utilitarian (applied) and non-utilitarian (fine; sometimes they are also called pure). In works of utilitarian arts (architecture, decorative and applied arts), in recent decades there has been an increasingly widespread utilitarian use of some types of fine arts (music in industry and in medicine, painting in medicine), their intended purpose for practical material purposes and their own aesthetic purpose are organically intertwined focus. As for the fine arts, the benefit they bring to society is determined by their ideological and aesthetic character.

Finally, it is necessary to distinguish between primary and secondary (performing) arts. The latter include music, choreography, pop, theater, cinema, television and radio art, and circus. Their action is connected with an intermediary (performer), who connects the fundamental principle of the work (play, script, score, libretto, etc.) with listeners and spectators. Being an active interpreter of the work, the performer each time transforms the primary work, gives it his own interpretation, and practically becomes its co-author.

Even in ancient times, architecture interacted with monumental sculpture, painting, mosaics, and icons. In this synthesis, architecture dominates.

Decorative art incorporates the achievements of other arts, especially painting and sculpture.

Cinema by its nature is a synthetic art: the film image as its components includes: literature (script, lyrics); painting (scenery in a regular film); theater (the play of film actors, which, although fundamentally different from the work of actors in the theater, is nevertheless based on the theatrical tradition and relies on it).

4.1. Art concept

4.2. Spatial arts:

· architecture;

· sculpture;

· painting;

· photo.

4.3. Dynamic arts:

· literature;

· music..

4.4. Synthetic arts:

· theater;

· circus;

· movie;

· stage;

· choreography;

· TV.

4.1.Art is a form of social consciousness, a specific type of spiritual and practical exploration of the world. Art is one of the most important spheres of culture. It is impossible to imagine people's lives without it.

The beginnings of the artistic activity of mankind are noted in primitive society, long before the advent of science and philosophy. And yet the problem of the essence and specificity of art has not yet been completely resolved. What meaning is put into the concept of “art”. You can select 3 different meanings this word.

1. Art is mastery. – In this meaning, “art” appears as a skillfully, technically performed activity, the result of which is something artificial in comparison with the natural. The highest degree of skill and mastery in any field of activity. It is this meaning that follows from the ancient Greek word “techne” - art, skill.

2. Art is creativity according to the laws of beauty.

Such creativity refers to a wide range of activities:

· creation of useful things, machines;

· design and organization of public and personal life;

· culture of everyday behavior;

· communication between people, etc.

Art object– like science, philosophy – the world around us.

Piece of art- reality, life in its broadest social meaning.

3. Art – artistic creativity, the products of which are social, spiritual, aesthetic values.

Art influences the formation of personality, enriches its sensory-emotional and intellectual-mental potential.

Art improves a person’s creative abilities and capabilities, encouraging him to act according to the laws of beauty.

The difference between art and science:

1. The object of science is truth, and the object of art is beauty.

2. Reflection of reality: in science - in the form of abstract concepts, in art - in the form of artistic images.

Art exists in its specific types, is activity model personality and reflection world in certain historical conditions, it class and politically oriented, national and international.

Art exists in its specific forms: architecture, sculpture, painting, theater, literature, music and etc.

4.2. Types of art are historically established, stable forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize life content and differ in the methods of material embodiment.

Each type of art has its own specific arsenal of visual means and techniques.

The types of art differ from each other:

subject of the image;

· use of various visual means.

Attempts to study the structure of the world of art were made in ancient times. First attempt is mythological classification of arts, which includes: tragedy, comedy, « technical art": architecture, medicine, geometry; " musical art": poetry, music, dance.

During the Renaissance, there was an exploration of the differences between the visual arts and poetry. L. da Vinci in “The Book of Painting” and Lessing in “Laoocon”, S. Batte in the treatise “Fine Arts” gave the first deep analysis of art.

At the beginning of the 19th century. Hegel, in The System of Individual Arts, outlined the relationships between the five main arts - architecture, sculpture, painting, music and poetry; analyzed the patterns of division of poetic art into types: epic, lyrical and dramatic.

Since the 19th century. world aesthetic thought (Hegel, Schelling, Wagner, Scriabin, etc.) proved equivalence And necessity existence and development of all types of arts.

In aesthetic and art history literature, certain schemes and systems for classifying the arts have developed. The most common scheme is to divide it into three large groups:

1 group – spatial or plastic kinds of art:

· architecture;

· all genres of fine art;

· artistic photography.

Group 2 – temporary or dynamic types of art: literature and music.

Group 3: spatiotemporal views: theater, cinema, television, choreography, stage, circus.

In modern conditions, the artistic principle in various spheres of human activity is noticeably increasing. Sports festivals are increasingly turning into integral theatrical performances, and in certain sports (figure skating, rhythmic gymnastics) the skill of athletes rises to the level of real artistic creativity. The appearance, exposition, and advertising of various exhibitions and fairs represent aesthetically fulfilled artistic creativity.

Architecture(from the Greek. builder) is a type of art whose goal is to create structures that meet the utilitarian, spiritual and aesthetic needs of people.

Following the definition, it merges together benefit and beauty, technical and aesthetic principles.

Many people consider architecture to be historical art. After all, in order to shelter from bad weather, primitive man had to build himself some kind of housing, and this is its beginning.

In Ancient Egypt Huge tombs, pyramids, and temples with many columns were built. This architecture is characterized by: geometric clarity of forms, incompatible scales of buildings and people, monumentality that suppresses the individual.

Grandiose structures were created not to satisfy the real needs of the people, but for religious purposes, in the name of exalting the despotic power of the pharaoh.

In Ancient Greece architecture takes on a democratic appearance. Religious buildings lose their oppressive character. Thus, the Parthenon temple, with its beauty, affirms the beauty, freedom, and dignity of man. New types of public buildings and structures are emerging: theaters, stadiums, Skodas. Architectural structures are built according to the humanistic principle of beauty, which was formulated by Aristotle: beauty should not be too big and not too small. Man is the measure of all things; in architecture there is a measure of the beauty and scale of the structure.

In the Middle Age dominates in architecture Gothic style. Gothic cathedrals expressed not only a religious impulse towards God, but also a passionate earthly dream of happiness.

During the Renaissance style begins to develop baroque. Buildings built in this style differed pretentiousness, big amount stucco decorations, interior painting. The architecture of this time is characterized pathos, elation, contrast of forms. Examples of this style: the Palace of Versailles, the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, the ensembles of Tsarskoye Selo (architect Rastrelli).

In the New Age (since the 18th century) styles emerge rococo (sink) And empire style. Character traits rococo: rich painting, large mirrors, creating the impression of lightness and intangibility of the walls.

In style empire style (empire) expressed monumentality and majesty, the aesthetic tastes of the big bourgeoisie are embodied (the Arc de Triomphe in Paris).

From the 16th to the 30s of the 20th century style has a three-century history classicism. Its signs: proportionality, proportionality, clarity, achieved by simple constructive and artistic means. These are different types of buildings: industrial, administrative, multi-storey residential buildings.

All this required the architect to solve the following problems: creating a building that was convenient for use and had an aesthetically complete form. In the 20th century begins to take on greater importance

“architecture of small forms”: kiosks, trash cans, advertising stands, lamp posts, etc. In the context of the global environmental crisis, artistic and meaningful"green architecture" those.

"garden and park" culture. In transforming the subject environment, it is of great importance"architecture of monumental forms":

roads, bridges, triumphal arches, television masts, etc. They are distinguished by the scale and complexity of the technical design. Architecture is rightly called the chronicle of the world.

After all, she speaks when the legends about the irretrievably departed people and their culture are already silent. Entire eras of human history are captured on the pages of this “stone book”. art includes:

painting, graphics, sculpture, art photography.

Painting is a type of fine art, works of which are created on a plane using paints and colored materials.

Painting happens: monumental

– large-scale paintings: paintings on walls, vaults, pillars, etc.

Its varieties: mosaic

– monumental painting, in which an image or ornamental motif is made from individual colored stones, marble, cubes of multi-colored glass paste, very tightly fitted to each other; fresco

– painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in lime mortar; easel

- painting that has independent meaning, paintings of various genres, painted on canvas (less often on cardboard, paper), most often with oil paints.

Main genres of painting:

· landscape – an image of nature;

· portrait;

· still life – image of natural objects: fruits, flowers, things, etc.;

A miniature is a small-format painting made on paper, metal, ceramics, porcelain, or wood.

Graphics – monochromatic drawing. She comes in the form engravings(engraving is a printed impression of a relief design applied to a wooden or metal board), caricatures, lithographs (a method of flat printing on stone (limestone)).

Sculpture is a type of fine art that reproduces reality in a three-dimensional form.

Main materials used: stone, bronze, marble, wood.

Types of sculpture:

1. monumental - monuments, monuments.

2. easel – works of painting, sculpture and graphics that have independent significance.

3. sculpture of small forms - toys, medals, stone carvings.

Artistic photography- a relatively young art form. Today, photography is not just a copy of the external appearance of a phenomenon on film. An artist-photographer can create an artistic image by choosing an object, lighting, and a special position of the camera. At the end of the twentieth century. artistic photography has taken its special place among the fine arts.

Decorative and applied art is an ancient type of creative activity for creating household items designed to satisfy both practical and aesthetic needs of humans.

This art form is very ancient and was used to decorate objects. The artistic and figurative meaning of decorative and applied art is an ornament that becomes a sign of a certain national identity, by which we can easily recognize which nationality it belongs to: ancient Greek paintings on clay vases, Turkmen and Chinese carpets, Western Ukrainian, Russian stoves, etc. d. This type of art contributes to the improvement of object culture; the artistic design of a thing must be strictly consistent with its practical meaning.

4.3. Literature is a written form of art, one of its main types.

The term “literature”, starting from the 18th century, replaced the concept of “poetry”. "poetic art" The main expressive and visual means of literature is word. It reveals the plot, shows literary images in action, and also directly forms the author’s position and makes it accessible to the reader.

Being the most analytical of all types of art, literature, with the help of words, creates real living being and what is called “artistic reality.”

Types of literary works:

1. Epic - novels, stories, stories, essays.

2. Lyrics - poetic genres, elegy, sonnet, ode.

3. Drama - comedy, tragedy.

The history of world literature dates back to ancient times, folklore. The most ancient literary monuments are the Bible, The Tale of Bygone Years, and the Ramayana. They became the foundation of world culture.

Music is an art form that uses sound images as a means of embodying reality and human feelings.

What is striking about music is its ability to say a lot without saying a word, to express a lot without using visual images.

Music genres: opera, symphony, chamber music, instrumental, vocal-instrumental, etc.

Music can influence the most unprepared people, influence the growth of plants, heal diseases, change mood in the right direction. It is recommended to listen to works of world classics to reduce irritability, anxiety, and headaches. Music is both national and international, it knows no boundaries