The Linux OS has become the subject of all sorts of myths, the main one claiming that it is completely unsuited to the needs of ordinary users. Obviously, such tales are told by people who are not at all familiar with it, otherwise they would know that Linux is unpretentious, convenient, and extremely easy to install and work with all applications. Everything will be discussed in order below.

A little about Linux

This is the collective name for UNIX-like operating systems. the basis for which serves the Linux kernel of the same name, which also combines the libraries collected for it, system programs, developed by the GNU Project. The full name of the kernel, which runs like most others on PC-compatible systems such as Intel x86 and the like, is GNU/Linux.

They are directly related to Linux complementary applications, which make it a full-fledged and functional representative among operating systems, but unlike them, it is not a single package, but is represented by hundreds of distributions combining GNU programs with the Linux kernel. Information about distributions is published by the DistroWatch website (https://distrowatch.com/?language=RU), which ranks their popularity based on traffic data, providing descriptions of pages with diagrams. It is there that you can get acquainted with everything related to Linux and its components.

What you should pay attention to

When starting a review of the operating system, the first thing to note about it is that it is the best alternative option for switching from Windows, far superior to Microsoft's brainchild. For better understanding advantages of Linux it should be contrasted precisely with the Windows OS, the most common of all. And that's why:

1. Completely free, while Windows has a developed commercial basis, which is why the vast majority of users are forced to use an unstable pirated version. Linux installation does not require any financial costs, as are the thousands of applications available after switching to it.
2. Another important positive feature of the Finnish OS is its exceptional reliability, not always inherent even licensed Windows. With it, you won’t have to constantly reboot your ungodly glitching, freezing computer, correct work Linux will be a pleasant discovery after this.
3. On Linux, unlike other systems no viruses, but what this is connected with is not known for certain, especially since there are no “personal” antivirus programs. Even if a virus penetrates a PC, it does not spread to saved folders, and therefore does not cause any damage to the computer system.
4. Can't be ignored installation features programs, for which you do not need to look for them yourself, most of them on untrustworthy sites infested with viruses. On Linux, everything is much simpler and more convenient, thanks to a reliable repository and its manager, from where it is easy to install any program or application.
5. In the operating system kernel All drivers are installed necessary for adequate operation network card, with which there are big problems, for example, Windows 7, which often does not recognize new devices connected to the PC. On Linux, everything is initialized, installed and starts working almost instantly after connection.
6. One of the main advantages is open source, in Windows it closes immediately after writing the kernel, which makes it impossible to open it later. His opponent has no difficulties with this, even if he needs to make some changes to the OS.

The distribution area of ​​Linux is wider than that of all operating systems combined. Works great on PC at home and working group, adapts well with most processors, servers, robots, smartphones, portable devices, with everything that supports programmable operations.

Review of the most popular distributions

Thanks to the open source nature of the Linux OS, you can be overwhelmed by having access to hundreds of different distributions, with new ones constantly being added. But in fact, such an abundance is the ability to choose a system to suit the individual characteristics of any gadget. This is especially true for devices that are not particularly powerful, which, after installing a suitable distribution kit, will acquire a full-fledged system, lightweight and functional, containing the necessary software components. For installation you will need just download a suitable ISO image from the official website, burn it to a USB device and start the computer from it.

Linux Mint

In essence, this is a modernized, improved version of the most popular Ubuntu distribution among users, characterized by reliability and versatility. Has a wide range software with elements of proprietary optimizers, open source. Linux Mint is the best option for those who just starts to get acquainted with the new OS, thanks to the external similarity of the graphical interface to that presented in Windows. But if you wish, you can change it at your discretion even at the time of downloading.

Manjaro

A simple and convenient distribution kit, both to install and to use. Thanks to this, it comes into working condition immediately upon completion of the installation process with all the tools necessary to interact with multimedia content. Provides support 32 and 64-bit versions of the system and several cores, including RC. Being based on an earlier ArchLinux distribution, Manjaro repositories automatically synced with it after installation. This provides access to the most current software updates.

Debian

The most multifunctional, the only one among all that supports mixed update system. This allows you to easily switch to other versions, and after installation, individually select the software at your own discretion from the many options offered. Debian repositories contain more than 50,000 packages programs and utilities with 10 supported architectures, the ability to automatically install and uninstall them. Thanks to its qualities, dozens of new distributions have been created on its basis.

Kodi

Not the most multifunctional of distributions, until version 14 it was called HVMS. It has proven itself well as a cross-platform multimedia player that can turn a computer into a developed media center - this is its main advantage. Thanks to these features, Kodi has fast access to manage any types of video and audio files, regardless of where they are located - on a PC or optical disk. Has good software with open source, supporting OS from Linux and Windows to Android and iOS.

Kubuntu

Although it is an independent product created on the basis of Ubuntu, it was and remains part of the overall project. There are many things that connect it with its “big brother”: the use of one base, a common repository with packages of identical programs and utilities, a common operating system, simultaneously updated every six months. But there is in between some differences Kubuntu uses KDE as its graphical environment, while Ubuntu uses the standard GNOME. Kubuntu also supports 32 and 64-bit editions, while Ubuntu only supports 64-bit versions.

Lubuntu

One of the simplest and most convenient projects among all existing ones, not only those included in the Ubuntu family. A distinctive feature of the OS is its extremely light weight, low energy consumption, due to which it consumes very few resources. Its installation is relevant on netbooks and hopelessly outdated computers, or in the case of using USB modems with low Internet traffic speeds. For such devices, Lubuntu is simply irreplaceable, but for more advanced devices, installing it does not make sense, since it does not offer much functionality due to the economy mode.

Ubuntu

It is not unreasonable to refer to most popular from distribution kits all over the world, and as the DistroWatch rating notes, more than half of its users live in the CIS countries. Although it was created based on Debian, externally there is nothing in common between them. Characterized by simplicity during installation and use, with a clear interface, which will be especially useful for beginners. Ubuntu has many pre-installed folders with programs, applications and utilities in its repositories.

Elementary OS

Like many other projects, it is created on the basis of the popular Ubuntu, but in appearance and functionality it is larger similar to OS X. It is noteworthy that the bulk of his software was developed on an individual basis specifically for this project, which makes him so unlike the “head of a glorious family.” For this reason far superior Ubuntu in terms of speed, stability and other criteria, all software components are perfectly compatible with Elementary OS.

Gentoo

Enormously popular among users, it deserves only flattering reviews, but at the same time, its multifunctional capabilities make it extremely complex. The most powerful Portage technology presented in it is distinguished by flexibility, wide configuration options, a wide variety of settings and automatic control of pre-installed software. The Gentoo repositories contain more than 10,000 folders with programs, it is possible to connect to third-party resources.

Arch Linux

It's not like any other version of Linux, and in the absence of an official live CD, installing and running it requires doing it through a terminal rather than a website. Arch Linux is unique in many ways in that users individually “assemble” the system for yourself, as you like. In general, the operating system is quite complex, and it is almost impossible for beginners to understand it. The standards are also too high, only 64-bit edition is supported.

OpenSuse

Like Lubuntu, it is most suitable for use on outdated models of gadgets, low-power, using low speed traffic. Otherwise, it is not particularly remarkable, and is not at all interesting to users with modern high-tech devices. Many call it antediluvian and primitive, such a characteristic is not too far from the truth, in OpenSuse even no function automatic update BY. You have to do this manually after you receive a notification from the official website by email!

Fedora

An ultra-modern multifunctional project, with a large set of tools and wide capabilities. Such seemingly wonderful qualities actually only make working with him more difficult. The concept of an independent project is to build a full-fledged operating system based on free, disparate software elements according to the principle of a puzzle. Some people like it, but for people who are not inclined to make constant drastic changes, it is terribly inconvenient, and Fedora would be the most unsuitable option.

ALT Linux

One of the Linux distributions that have long become a separate branch, produced in Russia, mainly by the Basalt SPO company. In fact, it is thoroughly equipped with software, not particularly demanding, easy to install, easy to manage and navigate. But it’s too “raw” in it many unaccounted for defects and omissions, which is why ALT Linux often crashes, and user reviews are mostly negative.

CentOS/Red Hat

Excellent in all respects, free CentOS has fully proven its worth and relevance today. Most notable high degree of protection, as well as constant stability, and works equally well on all devices without exception. But it should be noted that it is fundamentally different from all the others, in particular in the structure of the commands, as well as the syntax of most of them. But for those who are accustomed to Windows, this will not come as a shock.

Pinguy OS

Belonging to the extensive Ubuntu family, the Pinguy OS operating system has earned the approval of a large number of users for its versatility and at the same time simplicity. It is noted that in addition to having a significant baggage of programs and various applications in repositories, with a correctly selected set of folders it is capable perform any operations inaccessible to most more advanced systems. Convenient and not heavy, supports 32 and 64-bit versions, most preferred when switching from Windows, it contains many familiar functions.

Zorin OS

Despite the fact that, like many other distributions, it is based on the Ubuntu platform, it is not at all similar in appearance, in management and navigation. But it has has a lot in common with Windows, especially with regard to the interface, and therefore it is much easier to adapt to it than to others. And the package with programs and offers contains familiar operating systems from Microsoft components With Google Chrome in the first line, which is the default browser in Zorin OS. Using the download manager, it's easy to install other native programs, making the transition less cumbersome.

Solus

A functional, developed OS, an excellent option for almost all devices, except those that are not very powerful. Solus only supports 64-bit version, this is its main and only disadvantage, which is compensated by a wide range of tools that implement quick navigation and flexible settings. In addition, it contains a large amount preinstalled programs and their components, as well as a good manager for working with packages, aimed both at uninstalling outdated applications and at finding and installing new, stable versions.

Puppy Linux

Perhaps one of the best distributions existing today. Is different extreme ease, taking up only 72 MB of space, the same low system requirements, despite the fact that it includes a large number of various applications. Another noticeable difference is its similarity to external characteristics Windows, which is important in the case of Linux. This ratio of compactness and technical capabilities makes Puppy Linux a unique and generally recognized product not only among owners of outdated devices, for whom it is especially important.

Slax

The distribution is surprisingly simple in everything, from installation to configuring components. Its main advantage above others expressed in additional software with excellent navigation, functionality to use modules for purposes other than their intended purpose. In addition, they are autonomous and do not require separate installation like on other OS. Slax users can change any images, customize installations, and software packages at their own discretion.

Rosa

Another representative of the Russian Linux line, unlike its criticized brother ALT Linux, which received only positive reviews and user approval. Is different high functionality, large database, technical excellence. But in some ways Rosa is similar to Fedora, the development company uses the same concept and versions operating system, mostly experimental. But we must admit its exceptional convenience, thanks to tools like a single launch point for all applications, a visualization system, and a whole set of useful utilities.

So what to choose

With such quantity and variety, the choice will indeed not be easy; each of those presented has differences, individuality, positive and sometimes unique characteristics, and not the best sides. This complicates the choice - among them there are few that are similar to each other, even if another was created on the basis of one OS. And also, as often happens with those that are irreplaceable at first glance, there turn out to be much more advanced analogues, or unpleasant sides invisible on the surface. So what should you choose and by what criteria should you choose? There can only be one answer to this question - the choice should depend from technical characteristics, compatible with the capabilities of the device for which it is made, and not according to a shiny wrapper.

Linux for beginners:

1. The best choice for beginners would be Ubuntu, given that it is preferred by experienced users. Equally easy to install, configure, navigate, and subsequently use. Unity's interface is not too different from what you're used to on Windows, so it's easy to navigate.
2. Just as simple and clear Linux Mint, although it does not differ in particular functionality, this is compensated by its accessibility even for the “darkest”. Like Ubuntu, it is one of the closest to Windows in terms of external parameters, making it quite easy to learn.
3. CentOS a little more complicated than the previous ones, is free version one of the few commercial projects Linux (RedHat), along with its simplicity, is quite functional. Stable software packages pre-installed in it do not allow gross errors on the part of users, due to the security system.
4. OpenSUSE was originally developed as accessible, easy to use, and understandable to all OS users. The default KDE interface environment is reminiscent of Windows, has the same principles of navigation and operation, with minor differences in details, so it is not difficult to get used to.
5. Zorin OS, in addition to having an interface similar to Windows, it has a package of programs and applications familiar to the previous operating system. And with Wine pre-installed in it, the same programs and components can be easily launched, which is extremely useful and convenient for any beginner.

The lightest:

1. Lubuntu is one of the most lightweight among its kind, but due to its popularity it is widely used on new, powerful computers. There is a completely logical explanation for this - high performance is achieved precisely because of the low weight.
2. LXLE, created on the platform of one of the lightest distributions in the Lubuntu set, far surpasses in all respects its “big brother,” which was criticized even by newcomers. When creating the OS, the main emphasis was on optimization and performance, as well as extremely low weight to achieve this.
3. Lightweight systems do not always achieve this effect, only sacrificing power and flexibility; there are cases when they are not inferior to 64-bit options in these indicators. A striking example ArchBang possessing qualities inaccessible to others. Its main advantages are easy installation, simple settings, ease and simplicity.
4. Like the previous one, Linux Lite, in addition to being quite light, it is also easy to use, multifunctional, as far as possible given its parameters. In addition, it has a beautiful, pleasant interface, a large number of pre-installed applications, and often acts as a gateway when switching from Windows to Linux.
5. KNOPPIX, this is the grandfather of all distributions created for Linux, the oldest of all existing ones, which is strange, and itself exists to this day. Due to the fact that it now runs on the developed, stable Debian platform, it has ample capabilities, a set of applications and is extremely lightweight at the same time.

Fastest:

1. Most notable in this regard Pixel OS, built from scratch using the Debian base as a starting point, nicknamed its side effect, in a good way. The first thing the developers did was free the repositories from “junk”, limiting them to only really necessary packages, which became a resuscitation for old, weak PCs.
2. Fast, effective for weak PCs and low Internet speeds Peppermint OS, belonging to the cloud type, followed the same path. Even at the time of development, its creators immediately abandoned all offline programs that burdened the system. The set of pre-installed packages includes only the most useful and light ones at the same time.
3. Legacy OS, which uses the lightweight Puppy Linux base, tried to become even lighter due to ultra-lightweight components: IceWMw and POX, which is why it is indispensable for low-power PCs. Even on computers with outdated components, it is installed as a 32-bit Live CD, so it works normally even on 256 MB of RAM.
4. Bodhi Linux, uses a special edition for hopelessly outdated 32-bit PCs, more than 15 years old. main feature Bodhi Legacy is that it is implemented on the old Linux v3.2 kernel, this significantly facilitates the OS, which is further optimized for use on very old equipment.
5. One of the lightest and fastest among all is antiX capable of working productively on 256 MB of RAM. It contains lightweight desktops and managers in its folders and packages; there is an option with only the applications necessary to launch and create a desktop.

Russian distributions:

1. Astra Linux was created for defense government structures, this is the key to its reliability and high functional qualities. It is rightly called the best among Russian distributions for its security and high level of protection when transferring any personal data, although it has long been used exclusively for peaceful purposes.
2. Rosa Linux the best not only among Russian, but among all OS for Linux, thanks to high-tech development options that are useful and convenient for ordinary users. Many people talk about “closed” versions designed to encrypt data, but this is probably another myth; only public versions are known.
3. Simply Linux quite popular among users from the CIS countries due to its ease and accessibility. It is not demanding on resources, so it can be installed even on computers whose age has exceeded 10 years. The graphical shell is xfce, which most eloquently proves the ease and simplicity of the OS.
4. Calculate is one of the most unusual among Russian versions based on Linux. It is distinguished by its work on the Gentoo platform, which is complex and incomprehensible in installation and subsequent use. But unlike it, with Calculate you don’t need to understand these intricacies - everything happens automatically.
5. Alt Linux is called a pensioner among Russian operating systems for Linux. During its existence, many distribution kits were created on its basis, which in itself speaks of its relevance. Although it must be admitted that despite the updates it is very outdated, and the OS developed according to its model is much better.

For home PC:

1. Debian is deservedly considered the best in this regard, although there is not much difference on which device to use it. It is functional, quite powerful, lightweight, although not essential in the case of home PCs; high loading speed has its advantages and positive aspects.
2. Elementary OS This best alternative Windows, its external similarity makes it more convenient and understandable, which is important in the case of home computers, which are mostly used as a work tool, and not for fun. Its speed characteristics will be an additional incentive for installation.
3. Deepin A very interesting Chinese development, although not widely used, has managed to make itself known loudly. It contains a lot of programs that you won’t find anywhere else, they work most effectively on home PCs, they are stable and high speed.
4. OpenSuse far superior to basic Debian, considered the best for PCs - a large set of programs, a unique control center, the greatest advantages of the OS. It is convenient for use on home computers, thanks to good navigation that allows you to quickly go to the right place.
5. And here Antergos, as many users note, there is simply no equal, it is very similar to Manjaro, which is why the two distributions are called Siamese twins. But he has similarities with others from whom he borrowed the best qualities. It works well on any device, and highlighting it as the best for PC would not be entirely correct.

For laptop

1. Ubuntu and here it occupies a leading position, for the simple reason that laptops use modems to connect to the network, and Ubuntu is stable with low traffic.
2. The same can be said about Debian, lightweight, fast, stable for any connection, popular among operating system users.
3. CentOS not as popular as the previous ones, but due to its individual characteristics, it is best used for a laptop.
4. RHEL was originally developed as a kind of appendage for laptops, so it takes into account all the features of a narrow specialization.
5. Concerning Kali, then in this case, only one thing can be noted - it was not created for a laptop, but on the contrary, this is the only environment where its stability is maintained.

To summarize, we can add only one thing - any search will be crowned with success only when you know what to look for. And the answer to the question: which Linux is better, has one answer option - one that is suitable for all parameters individually.

Everyone asks this question Windows user who wants to switch to the Linux operating system. And today I will try to help you answer this question, in other words I will list Linux distributions, which are suitable for a novice Linux user, naturally with justification for why these particular distributions are suitable for a beginner.

We have already reviewed quite a lot of Linux distributions on this site, there were beautiful ones like Linux Deepin, popular and powerful ones like Ubuntu and Debian, not very popular, but at the same time simple, compact and fast like Manjaro Linux, as well as many other good ones distributions. And now it’s time to highlight from all this those distributions that are best suited for a novice Linux user.

On a note! If you are a regular home computer user and want to get acquainted with Linux take a closer look, I recommend reading my book - “ ", in it I talk in detail about the basics of the Linux operating system

And first, let's define the criteria that a Linux distribution for beginners should meet, in other words, what I was based on when compiling the list of distributions.

Criteria for choosing a Linux distribution for a beginner

• Installing the distribution should be simple;
• Intuitive, simple and at the same time powerful desktop environment;
• The distribution must be multilingual with support for the Russian language out of the box, i.e. for localization, no additional actions need to be taken, except for selecting a language at the system installation stage;
• A sufficiently large and developed community so that if any problem arises there is always someone to turn to;
• A good set of programs, both installed by default and those that can be installed additionally;
• Stable, reliable and safe operation;
• The distribution must be actively developed so that a situation does not happen when, for example, we installed an operating system, and its support and development in general stopped after six months;
• The distribution must be free;
• It should be popular both in the world and here in Russia.

If we talk specifically about the desktop environment, and you should already know that Linux has many graphical shells, then KDE is suitable for a beginner, since it is in principle similar to the Windows shell and thus mastering new system will be much easier, besides this it is powerful and popular.

And now let me bring list of Linux distributions for beginners, there will be only three distributions in it, since I believe that in this case there is no need to provide an extended list; it will complicate the choice rather than simplify it. And I’ll start, of course, with the most suitable distribution, which is just perfect for novice users.

Linux Mint

This is a Linux Mint distribution that is a great option for beginners as it meets all the criteria listed above. Its installation is very simple, this process we looked at here, the set of programs is huge, and their installation is very simple, since the distribution implements one of the best program managers, for example, in the article about installing the Skype program, you can look at its operation and interface. This distribution is based on Ubuntu, which indicates its stability and reliability. The distribution officially supports desktop environments: Cinnamon, MATE, KDE and Xfce. The Russian language is present, the community is large, the distribution is actively developing, and Linux Mint is the most popular Linux distribution according to the website.

Screenshots of Linux Mint 17.1 in the Mate graphical shell

Mint desktop and menu

File manager

Program Manager

Control center

Linux openSUSE

openSUSE is also a great distro for beginners. I put it in second place, because it seems to me that Mint is a little simpler or something, but this is my personal opinion. openSUSE itself is a very powerful, popular and at the same time simple distribution, which, like Mint, is aimed at ordinary home computer users. The default desktop environment here is KDE, and the openSUSE developers are actively involved in the development of KDE, so I believe openSUSE should only be installed with this desktop environment. We discussed the installation of this distribution in the material Installing Linux openSUSE, it is also very simple and even a beginner can handle it.

Screenshots of Linux openSUSE 13.2 in the KDE graphical shell

Desktop and main menu

File manager

YaST Control Center

Linux Mageia

Linux Mageia is another distribution that is suitable for a beginner Linux user. This distribution is also actively developing, has a good community, and is very easy to install and manage ( We looked at the installation process here), it is also aimed at beginners. The default desktop environment is KDE.

Screenshots of Linux Mageia 4.1 with KDE desktop environment

Desktop and menu

Control center

Program management

The Linux distributions listed above are excellent options for first-time users. This is where I propose to end your good luck in mastering the Linux operating system.

Recently, the owner of a Samsung N150 netbook contacted me after reading my post, which said that I have the same netbook on which I installed different Linux distributions. A reader reported that he decided to ditch Windows on his N150 ( good decision), and asked for advice on choosing a suitable Linux distribution, given that he is new to Linux. Having written a rather long answer, I thought that its contents might be of interest to many and could lead to interesting discussions. So I'm stating my opinion.

Introduction

The first thing that must be taken into account is that Samsung model The N150 Plus is already very old, very small (10.1-inch screen with a correspondingly compact keyboard) and by today's standards very weak (processor Intel Atom N450, 1 GB RAM, 250 GB disk). When choosing a Linux distribution for it, you need to take all these circumstances into account.

Second important factor- this is the user himself. The reader wrote that he is new to Linux, and therefore has not tried to install Linux before. Therefore, I need to try to choose a distribution that is easy to install.

But I’m not a big fan of Linux distributions, whose developers, with novice users in mind, are trying to make Linux just like Windows. I think that a good desktop will suit any user, especially if they are open to new things and are willing to understand them and adapt accordingly.

Finally, I would like to once again emphasize that the recommendations proposed below are focused on a specific situation, which involves installing Linux on a six-year-old netbook. They should not be extended to other systems.

What options?

After some thought, I decided that it was logical to first take a look at the Linux distributions that I already have installed on my personal N150 Plus. Moreover, the moment was most suitable, since I had not touched this netbook for several months, but decided to use it last week when preparing my post on the ZDNet blog about Fedora 24, downloading the LXDE version of this distribution onto it.

As soon as I took it out and turned it on, then, out of habit, I examined its contents and updated all the distributions installed on it.

I currently have the following OS options installed and configured for multiboot:

OpenSuSE Tumbleweed KDE;
- Fedora 24 LXDE;
- Debian 8.5 (Jessie) Xfce;
- Manjaro 16.06 Xfce;
- Linux Mint 17.3 Cinnamon;
- Linux Mint Debian Edition 2 MATE;
- PCLinuxOS Xfce;
- Ubuntu 15.10;
- openSuSE Leap 42.1 Xfce.

You'll probably notice that Windows is conspicuously missing from this list. I gave up Windows a long time ago, cleaning the OS from my poor little Samsung N150 Plus; it originally came with Windows 7 Starter Edition, and it was absolutely hopeless in terms of speed and capabilities.

The first and perhaps the most best advice The advice I can give to a newbie on the choice of Linux distribution is that he definitely can't go wrong if he chooses any of the above options. Essentially, they are based on the same OS, but differ in what the graphical user interface looks like and what programs, utilities and applications are included in the basic system package.

Also keep in mind that you'll be able to start learning and working with Linux right away, as installing Linux from scratch on the N150 takes less than an hour, and everything is made much faster and easier by not having to worry about being able to boot into Windows.

Thus, you have an excellent opportunity to choose any distribution, install it and play with it for several hours, days or weeks, and if your mood changes, copy the personal files and data you need to a USB drive and select any one for installation and testing another distribution until you settle on one that you really like and works well on the N150.

For a beginner who will have to install Linux without the help of an experienced user, I would advise choosing distributions in the following order:

1 Linux Mint 18 MATE

2 Manjaro 16.06.1 Xfce

Manjaro 16.06.1 Xfce

3 PCLinuxOS MATE

4 Debian 8.5 (Jessie) and Linux Mint Debian Edition

Debian 8.5 (Jessie)

5 Ubuntu

Installing Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial Xerus)

6 openSuSE Leap

7 Fedora

8 Fedora Gnome 3 on N150

9 openSuSE Tumbleweed

openSuSE Tumbleweed

When choosing a Linux distribution, users think that it is best to download the most latest version. They believe that it is the one that looks best and works without errors. However, this is not always true. In 2016, the company released several builds of this operating system. It should be noted that among them there are both good options and bad ones. That is why before downloading you need to think about which option will be the best. And only after all the pros and cons have been assessed, you can install the downloaded distribution.

How to choose?

Unfortunately, there is no universal system that will suit every user. Each person needs their own set of functions and options.

A beginner needs a simple and convenient interface; a lover of new technologies needs options that are not available in previous versions. The administrator cares about security and functionality, as well as features that allow remote management.

Several Linux distributions were released in 2016. Among them there will definitely be the option you need. However, no rating can make a choice for the buyer. That is why you need to independently search for the option that suits you best. There are several criteria that are important in any version of Linux.

Criterias of choice

• Safety. If there are flaws in the system, then viruses will easily enter the computer. Of course, Linux is an excellent example in terms of reliability, but it still depends not only on the built-in functions, but also on the security settings, access log, and so on. It is best to choose a distribution that already has optimal settings and no loopholes for malicious systems, then the user will feel completely safe.
• Support and community. We are talking about a team of developers and users who use this system. The fact is that it is best to choose the option that is more or less popular. After all, then you can go to some forum and ask people who use the same version how to solve this or that problem. If a person downloads an unpopular version, he will have to deal with all the problems on his own. This criterion especially applies to highly specialized modifications. After all, which Linux to choose is a rather complex question, so you need to look at this as carefully as possible.
• Stability. It is important that the system does not crash, does not generate errors, and does not close any applications unexpectedly. After all, users will obviously not like such “advantages”. A person will constantly have to look for the causes of errors that occur, as well as solve them. It should be noted that it does not matter at all why a particular distribution was chosen; for any work it is important that the system is stable.
• Design. The system shell is not the main thing, because, in principle, it does not affect the operation of the system. However, if you are satisfied with all other functions of the system, then you should pay attention to the type of Linux operating system. It should be simple and convenient. It is important to note that each distribution can be designed differently. That is why, when installing, you need to choose the theme that the person likes most.
• Functionality. The main thing is that the system is useful and interesting, has many options, but which do not interfere with the user’s work. It is also important for many people to have a twist that has not been previously used in another system. When installing a specific distribution, you need to pay attention to everything installed applications, many Linux users note that with a large number of unnecessary utilities, working with the device is quite difficult. This is what most often affects users who are thinking about which Linux to choose.
• Modernity. In general, it must be said that the old systems that everyone knows are quite reliable and time-tested. However, if a person has used one before, then when switching to a modern distribution it will be quite difficult to get used to. If the version was released quite recently, then it should be noted that most likely it will have errors and bugs. However, it is still better to focus on modern development. It is not necessary to download the latest version. You can choose a more reliable and successful one, released a year earlier.
• Convenience. The last criterion that you must pay attention to. When you turn on your computer, it’s a good idea to get to work right away rather than wait a few minutes for applications to set up. Accordingly, the interface should be both practical and understandable. After all, Linux is a pretty good operating system, the main thing is correct version download.

Choosing which one Linux modification for PC download, you should not focus on modern and extremely popular options, because what everyone likes and is in the “number one” rating will not necessarily appeal to someone else. You can run the build on virtual machine or using emulators. So, before installation, you can try to work in the system in order to determine whether you like it or not. In addition, when installing Linux, you should note that this operating system is a little unpredictable. Therefore, you can only understand whether it is suitable or not based on personal experience.

Ubuntu

Answering the question about what Linux is better, it is necessary to say about Ubuntu. New versions are often released, although since the system was released 10 years ago, it is still being improved. In 2017, it is still a fairly popular version of Linux. Most often it is installed by beginners. Why? The fact is that it is as easy as possible to install it on your computer. It has a beautiful and user-friendly interface, there is nothing superfluous. You don’t even need a terminal here, because you can work in Ubuntu without it.

The modification is slightly different from classic Linux. The fact is that you will have to work through the command line. This is in some way both an advantage and a disadvantage. It is very easy to get used to this environment, but if a person installs another build, he will not be able to use it without instructions. Ubuntu is constantly adding new features, but at the same time there are many bugs. Eliminate them immediately as they are found.

Disadvantages of Ubuntu

Among the disadvantages, it should be noted that errors may appear that no one has ever encountered before.

If you then want to choose any other Linux distribution, it will be very difficult to change.

The stability of this operating system is low. Unfortunately, glitches may occur, but if correct setting this can be avoided. In general, the errors are not critical, but leave an unpleasant impression. This is exactly how this version of Linux works. Reviews confirm this.

Pros of Ubuntu

What should be noted among the advantages? You can install many programs on it, modifications are freely downloadable, and this system is distributed free of charge. The distribution installs in 10 minutes.

The interface is as clear as possible and is great for beginners. It is easy to understand and understand the essence.

Viruses are practically impossible here. The fact is that the system is configured in such a way that without user intervention, installing any program even in background It's simply impossible. And therefore, if the user himself does not allow malicious software to pass through, then it will not enter the system.

Ubuntu is versatile and can be installed on top of Windows. This way, you don’t have to demolish the old system; you can use two at the same time.

Along with the assembly there is a special set of software. It should be noted that this operating room Linux system Ubuntu is popular and is included in any distribution rating. If any error occurs, you can solve it by contacting the forum.

Mint

Another fairly clear interface. There are special modules that can be downloaded additionally if a person switches to working with Windows systems on Linux. It has a slightly similar taskbar, navigation, and operating principles. There are several working tools, among which the user can choose which one to work with.

It should be noted that a review of Linux Mint would not be complete without mentioning Ubuntu. The fact is that this environment is based on it. All the shortcomings that were inherent in the above-described system were removed. It should be noted that the assembly is a little special. It has special multimedia codecs. It also contains programs that are necessary to work on a computer. Feedback simply beautiful. The creators constantly listen to the opinions of users and improve the system. When talking about which Linux to choose, you should definitely familiarize yourself with the advantages and disadvantages. About them below.

Mint Cons

Among the disadvantages, it should be noted that the developer of this version is not a company, but ordinary users. In general, this is an advantage, since the developer communicates with users as much as possible, but on the other hand, it is also a disadvantage, since he is not a professional and may make mistakes.

Pros of Mint

On the plus side, it should be noted that the interface is convenient, you can switch between working environments. Updates and various improvement packs are released very often.

Distributed free of charge. There are plugins that allow you to easily install programs, as well as many other useful features, elements are one of the most common builds at the moment. There are huge forums where the operation of this system is discussed and you can find answers to your questions.

Results

You should only think about which Linux to choose when you think about installing a distribution. The fact is that there are a large number of interesting options that are worthy of user attention. The article describes two assemblies that are considered truly the best among those suitable for beginners. They receive positive feedback. Please read the above Linux review and choose the option you like.

The first step is to decide what you will use Linux for.

Before installing the system on HDD you can try to run it in an emulator (virtualbox, qemu or any other) or write it to an optical disk/usb flash drive and boot from cd/dvd-rom/usb.

If you are a beginner and have never dealt with Linux, then it makes sense to install the distribution kit that a familiar Linux user has.

Now I will try to go over the most popular distributions and describe the advantages and disadvantages of each.

Time-tested, old-school pieces

Knoppix

Debian

Very good and convenient distribution. Suitable for both server and desktop. Huge development team, many packages available. Debian has a very convenient APT package management system and is quite flexible in configuration. When accessing the Internet, you can choose one of five branches in the main directory tree - "oldstable" (previous stable), "stable" (stable), "testing" (testing), "unstable" (unstable, also known as "sid" ) and "experimental", which is not a full-fledged branch - it contains packages that require careful testing or that will entail major changes in the distribution.
Among the shortcomings, it can be noted that the stable version does not contain the newest versions of programs (who would have thought?).
http://www.debian.org/ - official website.

Gentoo

Source-based distribution. The distribution has a convenient package and dependency management system, which cannot be said about binary distributions.

One of the disadvantages is the tedious process of compiling large packages and the non-zero probability of a system breakdown after the next update due to insufficient knowledge of this system.
Another drawback is the need to connect to the Internet to download updates (I think this can be neglected these days).

The advantages are a huge amount of documentation, latest software versions, good support equipment, incredible flexibility in configuration.

I recommend this distribution as a home distribution, provided that your hardware is not very weak. Also used on servers or as a distribution for embedded systems (thanks to the customization flexibility I mentioned above). In the case of low-power hardware, packages are compiled (cross-compiled) on the main system, and then simply installed on the target system.

Slackware

The oldest distribution that has survived to this day, the choice of Russian physicists (meme from lore). Its main differences are the complete absence of any unnecessary embellishments and graphical settings, a simple text installer. All settings are made by editing text configuration files. This is one of those distributions that has maintained a strict adherence to UNIX principles. Try it if you're not afraid command line and prefer manual editing of configs to graphical utilities.

For a long time it was only available for x86 architecture, but now a version is available for x86_64

Arch Linux

Lightweight, simple and flexible distribution. Optimized for i686 and x64, using the latest stable versions of packages.
This is a binary distribution, but it is possible to build packages from sources.

Very similar to Slackware, but has a much more powerful package management system (pacman) and is more liberal with new package versions.

Among the disadvantages: the number of packages is smaller than in Debian and Gentu, the absence of such powerful means settings, such as YaST in Suse.

As an advantage, you can add a more relaxed attitude towards non-free packages than, for example, in Debian.

This is a distribution general purpose. Successfully used on both workstations and servers. But, like any other distribution, you need to get used to it.

Red-Hat/CentOS

A well-tested distribution that is more suitable for a server than a desktop.
CentOS differs from Red Hat only in the lack of support.

More popular

Ubuntu Linux

Probably the most popular Linux distribution in existence. Ubuntu is based on Debian Sid (unstable branch) but with more modern packages, including the latest version of GNOME.

One of the most interesting features is the fact that Account"root" is disabled by default; The first registered user after installation receives superuser rights using the "sudo" command.
Pros: large community of developers and users, fixed release schedule and support period, 'user friendliness' in the form of additional graphical customization tools, excellent work out of the box.
Disadvantages: unstable versions of software are often used in stable releases of the distribution. Also disliked by some experienced users due to its obvious focus on housewives.

OpenSuse

Advantages: Professional attention to detail, easy to use YAST installation and configuration system.
Disadvantages: Like other distros developed in the US, media support out of the box is limited.

Fedora

The distribution was formed as a Red Hat-sponsored and community-oriented distribution. It contains the newest versions of packages. And since a significant part of the Linux world’s technologies is born in the depths of RedHat, the first thing they naturally end up in is Fedora.

Pros: extremely innovative, latest software versions, good localization.

Cons: Unstable versions of the software result in a number of bugs (redhat testbed).

ALT Linux

This distribution is developed in Russia and is traditionally considered to be focused on excellent support for the Russian language. In addition, it has a FSTEC certificate, if this is important to anyone.

The server versions of the distribution place great emphasis on security network services. Pros: excellent Russian language support, good community support.

Cons: Not always the latest software.

Other

Solaris

A distribution developed in the depths of the company sun microsystems http://www.sun.com/, which gave the world such free products as mysql, virtualbox, java. In 2010, Oracle bought Sun and “went its own way.”

Better suited for desktop opensolaris - open version(the project was closed).

An operating system developed by Bell Labs to overcome fundamental design flaws in UNIX. All resources are represented as files and are available in a hierarchical file system.

xLFS

Allows you to build your Linux distribution step by step from the very beginning. After installing it, you can really say that you know how Linux works.
Ingoda, it’s just useful to read the instructions for assembling LFS, for general development.

conclusions

This is far from full list Linux distributions. Detailed description each distribution can be found on the website http://distrowatch.com/ or even on Wikipedia

But you should still choose a distribution based on personal preferences, and not based on its rating on some site or popularity.